Granisetron Kabi

Granisetron HCl.

Each 1 ml ampoule contains 1 mg granisetron (as hydrochloride).
Each 3 ml ampoule contains 3 mg granisetron (as hydrochloride).
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Citric acid monohydrate, Hydrochloric acid (for pH adjustment), Sodium chloride, Sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment), Water for injections.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antiemetics and antinauseants, Serotonin (5-HT₃) antagonists. ATC code: A04AA02.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Neurological mechanisms, serotonin-mediated nausea and vomiting: Serotonin is the main neurotransmitter responsible for emesis after chemo- or radio-therapy. The 5-HT₃ receptors are located in three sites: vagal nerve terminals in the gastrointestinal tract and chemoreceptor trigger zones located in the area postrema and the nucleus tractus solidarius of the vomiting center in the brainstem. The chemoreceptor trigger zones are located at the caudal end of the fourth ventricle (area postrema). This structure lacks an effective blood-brain barrier, and will detect emetic agents in both the systemic circulation and the cerebrospinal fluid. The vomiting centre is located in the brainstem medullary structures. It receives major inputs from the chemoreceptor trigger zones, and a vagal and sympathetic input from the gut.
Following exposure to radiation or catotoxic substances, serotonin (5-HT) is released from enterochromaffine cells in the small intestinal mucosa, which are adjacent to the vagal afferent neurons on which 5-HT₃ receptors are located. The released serotonin activates vagal neurons via the 5-HT₃ receptors which lead ultimately to a severe emetic response mediated via the chemoreceptor trigger zone within the area postrema.
Mechanism of action: Granisetron is a potent anti-emetic and highly selective antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT₃) receptors. Radioligand binding studies have demonstrated that granisetron has negligible affinity for other receptor types including 5-HT and dopamine D2 binding sites.
Chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: Granisetron administered intravenously has been shown to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy in adults and children 2 to 16 years of age.
Post-operative nausea and vomiting: Granisetron administered intravenously has been shown to be effective for prevention and treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting in adults.
Pharmacological properties of granisetron: Interaction with neurotropic and other active substances through its activity on P 450-cytochrome has been reported (see Interactions).
In vitro studies have shown that the cytochrome P450 sub-family 3A4 (involved in the metabolism of some of the main narcotic agents) is not modified by granisetron. Although ketoconazole was shown to inhibit the ring oxidation of granisetron in vitro, this action is not considered clinically relevant.
Although QT-prolongation has been observed with 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists (see Precautions), this effect is of such occurrence and magnitude that it does not bear clinical significance in normal subjects. Nonetheless it is advisable to monitor both ECG and clinical abnormalities when treating patients concurrently with drugs known to prolong the QT (see Interactions).
Paediatric population: Clinical application of granisetron was reported by Candiotti et al. A prospective, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study evaluated 157 children 2 to 16 years of age undergoing elective surgery. Total control of postoperative nausea and vomiting during the first 2 hours after surgery was observed in most patients.
Pharmacokinetics: Pharmacokinetics of the oral administration is linear up to 2.5-fold of the recommended dose in adults. It is clear from the extensive dose-finding program that the antiemetic efficacy is not unequivocally correlated with either administered doses or plasma concentrations of granisetron.
A fourfold increase in the initial prophylactic dose of granisetron made no difference in terms of either the proportion of patient responding to treatment or in the duration of symptom control.
Distribution: Granisetron is extensively distributed, with a mean volume of distribution of approximately 3 L/kg. Plasma protein binding is approximately 65%.
Biotransformation: Granisetron is metabolized primarily in the liver by oxidation followed by conjugation. The major compounds are 7-OH-granisetron and its sulphate and glycuronide conjugates. Although antiemetic properties have been observed for 7-OH-granisetron and indazoline N-desmethyl granisetron, it is unlikely that these contribute significantly to the pharmacological activity of granisetron in man.
In vitro liver microsomal studies show that granisetron's major route of metabolism is inhibited by ketoconazole, suggestive of metabolism mediated by the cytochrome P-450 3A subfamily (see Interactions).
Elimination: Clearance is predominantly by hepatic metabolism. Urinary excretion of unchanged granisetron averages 12% of dose while that of metabolites amounts to about 47% of dose. The remainder is excreted in faeces as metabolites. Mean plasma half-life in patients by the oral and intravenous route is approximately 9 hours, with a wide inter-subject variability.
Pharmacokinetic relationship(s): Renal failure: In patients with severe renal failure, data indicate that pharmacokinetic parameters after a single intravenous dose are generally similar to those in normal subjects.
Hepatic impairment: In patients with hepatic impairment due to neoplasic liver involvement, total plasma clearance of an intravenous dose was approximately halved compared to patients without hepatic involvement. Despite these changes, no dosage adjustment is necessary (see Dosage & Administration).
Elderly: In elderly subjects after single intravenous doses, pharmacokinetic parameters were within the range found for non-elderly subjects.
Paediatric population: In children, after single intravenous doses, pharmacokinetics are similar to those in adults when appropriate parameters (volume of distribution, total plasma clearance) are normalized for body weight.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Non-clinical data revealed no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity. Carcinogenicity studies revealed no special hazard for humans when used in the recommended human dose. However when administered in higher doses and over a prolonged period of time the risk of carcinogenicity cannot be ruled out.
A study in cloned human cardiac ion channels has shown that granisetron has the potential to affect cardiac repolarisation via blockade of HERG potassium channels. Granisetron has been shown to block both sodium and potassium channels, which potentially affects both depolarisation and repolarisation through prolongation of PR, QRS, and QT intervals. This data helps to clarify the molecular mechanisms by which some of the ECG changes (particularly QT and QRS prolongation) associated with this class of agents occur. However, there is no modification of the cardiac frequency, blood pressure or the ECG trace. If changes do occur, they are generally without clinical significance.

Granisetron Kabi is indicated in adults for the prevention or treatment of acute nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy; post-operative nausea and vomiting.
Granisetron Kabi is indicated for the prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Granisetron Kabi is indicated in children aged 2 years and above for the prevention and treatment of acute nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy.

Posology: Chemo- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV and RINV): Prevention (acute and delayed nausea): A dose of 1-3 mg (10-40 μg/kg) of Granisetron Kabi should be administered either as a slow intravenous injection or as a diluted intravenous infusion 5 minutes prior to the start of chemotherapy. The solution should be diluted to 5 ml per mg.
Treatment (acute nausea): A dose of 1-3 mg (10-40 μg/kg) of Granisetron Kabi should be administered either as a slow intravenous injection or as a diluted intravenous infusion and administered over 5 minutes. The solution should be diluted to 5 ml per mg. Further maintenance doses of Granisetron Kabi may be administered at least 10 minutes apart. The maximum dose to be administered over 24 hours should not exceed 9 mg.
Combination with adrenocortical steroid: The efficacy of parenteral granisetron may be enhanced by an additional intravenous dose of an adrenocortical steroid e.g. by 8-20 mg dexamethasone administered before the start of the cytostatic therapy or by 250 mg methyl-prednisolone administered prior to the start and shortly after the end of the chemotherapy.
Paediatric population: The safety and efficacy of Granisetron Kabi in children aged 2 years and above has been well established for the prevention and treatment (control) of acute nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and the prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. A dose of 10-40 μg/kg body weight (up to 3 mg) should be administered as an i.v. infusion, diluted in 10 to 30 ml infusion fluid and administered over 5 minutes prior to the start of chemotherapy. One additional dose may be administered within a 24 hour-period if required. This additional dose should not be administered until at least 10 minutes after the initial infusion.
Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV): A dose of 1 mg (10 μg/kg) of Granisetron Kabi should be administered by slow intravenous injection. The maximum dose of Granisetron to be administered over 24 hours should not exceed 3 mg.
For the prevention of PONV, administration should be completed prior to induction of anaesthesia.
Paediatric population: Currently available data are described in Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions but no recommendation on a posology can be made. There is insufficient clinical evidence to recommend administration of the solution for injection to children in prevention and treatment of Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).
Elderly and renal impairment: There are no special precautions required for its use in either elderly patients or those patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
Hepatic impairment: There is no evidence to date for an increased incidence of adverse events in patients with hepatic disorders. On the basis of its kinetics, whilst no dosage adjustment is necessary, granisetron should be used with a certain amount of caution in this patient group (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Method of administration: Administration may be either as a slow intravenous injection (over 30 seconds) or as an intravenous infusion diluted in 20 to 50 ml infusion fluid and administered over 5 minutes.
For instructions on dilution of the medicinal product before administration, see Cautions for Usage.

There is no specific antidote for Granisetron. In the case of overdose with the injection, symptomatic treatment should be given. Doses of up to 38.5 mg of granisetron as a single injection have been reported, with symptoms of mild headache but no other reported sequelae.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of the excipients listed in Description.

As granisetron may reduce lower bowel motility, patients with signs of sub-acute intestinal obstruction should be monitored following its administration.
As for other 5-HT₃ antagonists, ECG changes including QT interval prolongation have been reported with granisetron. In patients with pre-existing arrhythmias or cardiac conduction disorders this might lead to clinical consequences. Therefore caution should be exercised in patients with cardiac co-morbidities, on cardiotoxic chemotherapy and/or with concomitant electrolyte abnormalities (see Interactions).
Cross-sensitivity between 5-HT₃ antagonists (e.g. dolasetron, ondansetron) has been reported.
This medicinal product contains 1.37 mmol sodium (or 31.5 mg) per maximum daily dose of 9 mg. This should be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.
Serotonin syndrome: Cases of life-threatening serotonin syndrome have been reported with 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist antiemetics, particularly when given in combination with other serotonergic and/or neuroleptic drugs. Treatment should be discontinued if such events occur and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated. If concomitant treatment of granisetron with a drug affecting the serotonergic neurotransmitter system is clinically warranted, careful observations of the patient is advised, particularly during treatment initiation and dose increases.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Granisetron has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

Pregnancy: There is limited amount of data from the use of granisetron in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions). As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of granisetron during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding: It is unknown whether granisetron or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. As a precautionary measure, breast-feeding should not be advised during treatment with Granisetron.
Fertility: In rats, granisetron had no harmful effects on reproductive performance or fertility.

Summary of the safety profile: The most frequently reported adverse reactions for Granisetron are headache and constipation which may be transient. ECG changes including QT prolongation have been reported with granisetron (see Precautions and Interactions).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions: The following table of listed adverse reactions is derived from clinical trials and post-marketing data associated with granisetron and other 5-HT₃ antagonists.
The frequencies used in the table as follows are: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000) and very rare (<1/10,000). (See table.)

Click on icon to see table/diagram/image

Description of selected adverse reactions: As for other 5-HT₃ antagonists, ECG changes including QT prolongation have been reported with granisetron (see Precautions and Interactions).

As for other 5-HT₃ antagonists, cases of ECG modifications including QT prolongation have been reported with granisetron. In patients concurrently treated with medicinal products known to prolong QT interval and/or which are arrhythmogenic, this may lead to clinical consequences (see Precautions).
In studies in healthy subjects, no evidence of any interaction has been indicated between granisetron and benzodiazepines (lorazepam), neuroleptics (haloperidol) or anti-ulcer medicinal products (cimetidine). Additionally, granisetron has not shown any apparent medicinal product interaction with emetogenic cancer chemotherapies.
No specific interaction studies have been conducted in anaesthetised patients.
Serotonergic medicinal products (e.g. SSRIs and SNRIs): There have been reports of serotonin syndrome following concomitant use of 5-HT₃ antagonists and other serotonergic medicinal products (including SSRIs and SNRIs) (see Precautions).

Special precautions for disposal: For single use only. Any unused portion should be discarded.
The diluted injections and infusions are to be inspected visually for particulate matter prior to administration. They should only be used if the solution is clear and free from particles.
Preparing the infusion: Adults: The solution should be diluted to 5 ml per mg. i.e the contents of a 1 ml ampoule can be diluted to a volume of 5 ml; the contents of a 3 ml ampoule can be diluted to a volume of 15 ml.
Granisetron can also be diluted in 20 to 50 ml compatible infusion fluid and then given over five minutes as an intravenous infusion in any of the following solutions: 0.9 % w/v sodium chloride injection, 5 % w/v glucose injection, Lactated Ringer's Solution. No other diluents should be used.
Use in the paediatric population: Children 2 years of age and older: To prepare the dose of 10-40 μg/kg, the appropriate volume is withdrawn and diluted with infusion fluid (as for adults) to a total volume of 10 to 30 ml.
As a general precaution, Granisetron should not be mixed in solution with other drugs.
Granisetron 1 mg/ml is compatible with Dexamethasone dihydrogenphosphate dinatrium in a concentration of 10-60 μg/ml of Granisetron and 80-480 μg/ml Dexamethasonphosphate diluted in sodium chloride 0.9 % or Glucose 5 % solution over a period of 24 hours.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Incompatibilities: This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned previously.

Keep the ampoules in the outer carton in order to protect from light. Should be stored under 25°C.
Shelf life: Shelf life of the finished medicinal product: 3 years.
After first opening: Once opened the product should be used immediately.
After dilution: Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 25°C protected from direct sunlight.
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C, unless dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.

Antiemetics / Supportive Care Therapy

A04AA02 - granisetron ; Belongs to the class of serotonin (5HT3) antagonists. Used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.

P₁S₁S₃